[INDEX]
PRONOUNS
1.
Personal Pronouns
| persons |
subject forms |
|
object forms |
|
| 1. sing |
jeg |
(I) |
mig |
(me) |
| 2. sing |
du |
(you) |
dig |
(you) |
| 3. sing |
han |
(he) |
ham |
(him) |
| 3. sing |
hun |
(she) |
hende |
(her) |
| 3. sing |
den/det |
(it) |
den/det |
(it) |
| 3. sing |
De |
(you, polite) |
Dem |
(you, polite) |
| 1. pl. |
vi |
(we) |
os |
(us) |
| 2. pl. |
I |
(you) |
jer |
(you) |
| 3. sing |
de |
(they) |
dem |
(them) |
| 3. sing |
De |
(you, polite) |
Dem |
(you, polite) |
Usage: The object forms
are used both as direct and indirect objects.
The personal
pronouns are used as in English:
jeg giver dig et æble (I give you an apple)
han ser hende (he sees her)
jeg giver det til hende (I give it to her)
Indirect
object precedes the direct object:
jeg giver hende det (I give it her)
or: jeg giver det til hende (I give it to her)
[INDEX]
2. Possessive Pronouns
min/mit/mine (my, mine)
din/dit/dine
(your, yours)
hans
(his)
hendes
(her, hers)
Deres
(your, yours, polite)
dens/dets
(its)
vores
(our, ours)
jeres
(your, yours)
deres
(their, theirs)
Deres
(your, yours, polite)
Usage: All the
forms are used both attributively and predicatively:
min
bil er her (my car is here)
det
er mit hus (it is my house)
det
er mine biler/houses (they are my cars/houses)
det er min
(bilen) (it is mine (the car))
det er mit
(huset) (is is mine (the house))
det er mine
(biler/huse) (they are mine (cars/houses))
[INDEX]
3. Demonstrative Pronouns
| |
written forms |
spoken forms |
english |
| sing. |
denne/dette |
den her, det her |
this |
| sing. |
den/det |
den der, det der |
that |
| pl. |
disse |
de her |
these |
| pl. |
de der (over) |
de der (over) |
those (over there) |
| neuter |
det |
det |
it |
Usage: The written forms
can also be used in speech, but in daily speech
we normally
use the spoken forms.
Note:
The spoken forms consist of 2 words, which can be placed both before
the noun
or the noun can be placed between the 2 words:
denne
bil er rød (this car is red)
written form
den her
bil er rød (this car is red)
spoken form
den
bil her er rød (this car is red)
spoken form
dette
hus er stort (this house is big)
written form
det her
hus er stort (this house is big) spoken form
det
hus her er stort (this house is big) spoken
form
disse
huse
(these houses) writen form
de her
huse
(these houses) spoken form
de huse her
(these houses) spoken form
but:
de huse der over er mine (those houses over there are mine)
[INDEX]
4. Relative Pronouns
som (who/which/that)
can be both subject and object:
manden som er her (the man who is here) som/who is the subject
manden som jeg så (the man who I saw) som/who
is the object
der (who/which/that)
can only be subject:
manden der er her (the man who is here) der/who is the
subject
*manden der jeg så (the man who I saw) der/who
is the object, and the sentence is wrong
Usage: som/der
are the 2 most used pronouns in Danish and they are used mostly as in English.
But when
a preposition is used together with a relative pronoun
the preposition
is placed at the end of the sentence:
manden som
jeg gav bogen til (the man to whom I gave the book)
The relative
pronoun can be omitted as in English:
her er pigen, (som)
jeg elsker
here is the girl
(that) I love
[INDEX]
5. Indefinite Pronouns
nogle (some) pronounced (no·n):
jeg har nogle venner (I have some friends)
nogen (any) pronounced
(no·n):
har du nogen venner? (do you have any friends?)
noget (something) pronounced
(nå·t):
han må gøre noget (he must do something)
ingen, ikke nogen (no, nobody):
han har ingen venner
(he has no friends)
han har ikke nogen venner (he has no friends)
jeg kender ingen her
(I do not know anybody here)
jeg kender ikke nogen hen (I know nobody here)
intet, ikke noget (no, nothing):
der er intet at gøre
(there is nothing to do)
der er ikke noget at gøre (there is nothing to do)
enhver (everybody):
enhver må gøre noget (everybody must do something)
alle (all (persons)):
jeg så dem alle (I saw them all)
alt (all (neuter)):
det var alt (that was all)
man (one, you, we) is not
found in English and can only be used as subject,
it is the same as on in French and man in German:
man må ikke ryge her (you must not smoke here/smoking not
allowed)
man is often used in stead of the passive voice:
man må ikke ryge (=der må ikke ryges) (smoking is not
allowed)
[INDEX]
6. Reflexive Pronouns
1. sing.
mig (myself)
2. sing.
dig (yourself)
3. sing.
sig (himself/herself/itself)
1. pl.
os (ourselves)
2. pl.
jer (yourselves)
3. pl.
sig (themselves)
Usage: Subject and
object is the same person:
jeg vasker
mig (I wash myself)
han vasker
sig (he washes himself)
sig is a reflexive pronoun
but: han vasker ham (he washes him (another person)) him is a personal
prounoun
Reflexive verbs
in Danish are not always reflexive in English:
de giftede sig
i kirken (they got married in the church)
vi satte os ned
(we sat down)
jeg vendte mig
om (I turned round)
[INDEX]
7. Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs
hvem (who,whom): hvem er det?
(who is is?)
hvis (whose):
hvis hund er dette (whose dog is this?)
hvad (what):
hvad er dette? (what is this?)
hvad er der sket? (what has happened?)
hvilken/hvilket/hvilke (which):
hvilken bog tog han? (which book did he take?)
hvilke bøger tog han? (which books did he take?)
hvor (where):
hvor bor han? (where does he live?)
hvornår (when):
hvornår kommer han? (when will he come?)
hvordan (how):
hvordan er det sket? (how did it happen)
hvor længe, hvor lang tid
(how long time):
hvor længe har han været her?
(how long time has he been here?)
The same pronouns can also be used in interrogative
subordinate clauses
jeg ved ikke, hvem han er
(I do not know who he is)
jeg ved ikke, hvis hund det er
(I do not know whose dog it is)
han ved ikke, hvad de hedder
(I do not know what he is called)
jeg ved ikke, hvilke bøger
han tog (I do not know
what/which books he took)
jeg ved ikke, hvor han bor
(I do not know where he lives)
Note:
These pronouns cannot be the subject in a subordinate clause, der
or det must be added:
a. det
+ a form of "være/blive/hedde"
b. der + another verb
a. jeg ved ikke, hvem det er
(I do not know who it is)
b. jeg ved ikke, hvem der kommer (I do not know who is
coming)
a1. jeg ved ikke, hvad det er/var (I do not know what
it is/was)
a2. jeg ved ikke, hvad det bliver (I
do not know what the price will be)
b1. jeg ved ikke, hvad der er sket (I do not know what
has happened (the verb is "sker"))
b2. jeg
kan ikke høre, hvad der siges (passive voice (I cannot hear what
they are saying))